Monel is a trademark of Special Metals Corporation for a series of nickel alloys, primarily composed of nickel (up to 67%) and copper, with some iron and other trace elements. Monel was created by David H. Browne, chief metallurgist for International Nickel Co. Monel alloy 400 is binary alloy of the same proportions of nickel and copper as is found naturally in the nickel ore from the Sudbury (Ontario) mines. Monel was named for company president Ambrose Monell, and patented in 1906. One L was dropped, because family names were not allowed as trademarks at that time.
Key Properties
Compared to steel, Monel is very difficult to machine as it work-hardens instantly with heat and does not harden into a constant matrix. It needs to be turned and worked at slow speeds and low feed rates. It is resistant to corrosion and acids, and some alloys can withstand a fire in pure oxygen. It is commonly used in applications with highly corrosive conditions. Small additions of aluminium and titanium form an alloy (K-500) with the same corrosion resistance but with much greater strength due to gamma prime formation on aging. Monel is typically much more expensive than stainless steel.
Monel has a specific gravity of 8.82 and an electrical conductivity of approximately 3.6% IACS.
Uses
-Marine applications
Monel's corrosion resistance makes it ideal for marine applications such as piping systems, pump shafts, seawater valves, trolling wire, and strainer baskets. Some alloys are completely non-magnetic and are used for anchor cable aboard minesweepers,[3] housings for magnetic-field measurement equipment, and have applications in the oil drilling industry. In recreational boating, Monel wire is used to seize shackles for anchor rodes, Monel is used for water and fuel tanks, and for under water applications. It is also used for propeller shafts and for keel bolts.
In seabird research, and bird banding or ringing in particular, Monel has been used to make bird bands or rings for many species such as albatross that live in a corrosive sea water environment.[4]
Also used for safty wiring in the aircraft industry to ensure that fasteners cannot come undone.
Musical instruments
Monel is used as the material for valve pistons in some higher quality musical instruments such as trumpets, tubas and french horn rotors. RotoSound introduced the use of Monel for electric bass strings in 1962, and these strings have been used by numerous artists, including Steve Harris of Iron Maiden, The Who, Sting, John Deacon, and John Paul Jones. Monel was in use in the early 1930s by other musical string manufacturers, such as Gibson Guitar Corporation, who continue to offer them for mandolin as the Sam Bush signature set.
Other
The good resistance against corrosion by acids and oxygen makes monel a good material for the chemical industry. Even corrosive fluorides can be handled within monel apparatus, this was done in an extensive way in the enrichment of uranium in the Oak Ridge Gaseous Diffusion Plant. Here most of the larger diameter tubing for the uranium hexafluoride was made from monel.[5]
Monel was used for US Military dog tags in WWI and WWII.
Monel is often used for kitchen sinks and in the frames of eyeglasses. It has also been used for firebox stays in fire-tube boilers.
Parts of the Clock of the Long Now, which is intended to run for 10,000 years, are made from Monel because of the corrosion resistance without the use of precious metals.[6]
Monel was used for much of the exposed metal used in the interior of the Bryn Athyn Cathedral. This included large decorative screens, doorknobs, etc.[1] Monel also has been used as roofing material in buildings such as Pennsylvania Station (New York City).[1]
The 1991 - 1996 Acura (Honda) NSX came with a key made of Monel.[citation needed]
Oilfield applications include using Monel in both flex and slick collars. Instruments which measure the Earth's magnetic field to obtain a compass reading are placed in the Monel collar which isolates sensors from the magnetic pull of drilling tools located above and below the Monel collars.
Monel is also used as a protective binding material on the outside of western style stirrups.
Monel is used to by Arrow Fastener Company for rustproof T50 staples.
Alloys
Remark
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